The swoon theory is the naturalistic view that Christ was not dead when taken from the cross and placed in the tomb. Therefore, he was not raised from the dead. It was proposed by H.E.G. Paulus in The Life of Jesus (1828).
This theory has serious failings as an alternate explanation of the resurrection, since there is strong evidence that Jesus experienced an actual physical death on the cross, and hundreds of witnesses who saw him in a fully whole and transformed resurrection body. Even the naturalistic work, A New Life of Jesus (1879) by David Strauss debunked the swoon theory:
"It is impossible that a being who had stolen half-dead out of the sepulchre, who crept about weak and ill, wanting medical treatment, who required bandaging, strengthening and indulgence and who still at last yielded to his suffering, could have given to his disciples the impression that he was a Conqueror over death and the grave, the Prince of Life, an impression which lay at the bottom of their future ministry.... Such a resuscitation could only have weakened the impression which he had made upon them in life and in death, at the most could only have given it an elegiac voice, but could by no possibility have changed their sorrow into enthusiasm, have elevated their reverence into worship. {Strauss 1,412}"
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